New Delhi: A special module released by NCERT to mark "Partition Horrors Remembrance Day" has held Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Congress and then Viceroy Lord Mountbatten responsible for India's partition.

The module notes that post-Partition, Kashmir emerged as a new problem that had never existed in India before, creating a challenge for the country's foreign policy. It also flags that some countries keep giving aid to Pakistan and exert pressure on India in the name of the Kashmir issue.

"India's Partition happened due to wrong ideas. The party of Indian Muslims, the Muslim League, held a conference in Lahore in 1940. Its leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, said that Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literatures," the module said.

In a section titled culprits of Partition, the module said, "Ultimately, on August 15, 1947, India was divided. But this was not the doing of any one person. There were three elements responsible for the Partition of India: Jinnah, who demanded it; second, the Congress, which accepted it; and third, Mountbatten, who implemented it. But Mountbatten proved to be guilty of a major blunder."

"He preponed the date for the transfer of power from June 1948 to August 1947. Because of this, complete preparations could not be made. The demarcation of the boundaries was also done hastily. Sir Cyril Radcliffe was given only five weeks. In Punjab, even two days after August 15, 1947, millions did not know whether they were in India or Pakistan," it added.

While blaming Jinnah, the module also quotes him as saying he never thought Partition would happen or that he would see Pakistan in his lifetime.

It cites Mahatma Gandhi's stance, noting he opposed Partition but would not resist Congress' decision through violence. Patel called Partition "bitter medicine," while Nehru described it as "bad" but "unavoidable."

NCERT has published two separate modules—one for Classes 6 to 8 and another for Classes 9 to 12—as supplementary resources in English and Hindi. Both open with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's 2021 message announcing Partition Horrors Remembrance Day.