Loughborough (UK): (The Conversation): Scientists have significantly changed their understanding of insomnia over the past two decades, recognising it as an independent disorder rather than merely a symptom of other health conditions.

Earlier, insomnia linked with illnesses such as Diabetes, Hypertension, chronic pain, or Depression was termed “secondary insomnia” and often went untreated. However, research since the early 2000s has shown that insomnia can precede or persist beyond such conditions, requiring targeted treatment.

Experts say addressing sleep issues can also improve related health conditions, including heart failure, anxiety, psychosis, alcohol dependency and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Insomnia is now recognised as one of the most common psychological problems, affecting nearly one-third of adults in England. Women, older adults and those from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more vulnerable due to a mix of biological, psychological and social factors.

Researchers have also identified harmful habits, such as staying in bed while unable to sleep, which can worsen the condition by disrupting the brain's association between bed and sleep. Instead, individuals are advised to engage in calming activities until sleepiness returns.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) has emerged as an effective treatment, focusing on behavioural and mental changes to improve sleep. However, access remains limited, pushing many patients towards sleeping pills, which carry risks such as dependency and side effects.

Newer medications like dual orexin receptor antagonists show promise but lack long-term safety data.

Experts emphasise that while advances in sleep science have improved understanding and treatment, greater awareness and access to effective therapies are needed to address insomnia more effectively.